Scientists may have finally discovered the reason behind the unusual explosive eruptions observed at Kilauea, one of the most active volcanoes in the world. According to a study published in Nature Geosciences, researchers have identified a unique mechanism that caused the eruptions to resemble a "stomp-rocket toy," leading to devastating consequences in 2018.

The explosive eruptions at Kilauea, located in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island, occurred at least 12 times last year. These eruptions differed from the typical ones, which are usually driven by rising molten rock or expanding steam from heating underground water. Instead, scientists believe the 2018 eruptions were triggered by the collapse of the magma reservoir, causing a sudden increase in trapped gas pressure and resulting in explosive eruptions.

Lead researcher Josh Crozier, a geologist from Stanford University, explained that a combination of seismic and geodetic instruments indicated a significant inflation of the ground surrounding the magma reservoir. Additionally, measurements of low-frequency sounds, known as infrasound, suggested a drop in air pressure. These findings provided crucial insights into the mechanics of the unique eruptions.

The study's findings not only shed light on the unusual eruption behavior at Kilauea but also explained the formation of atmospheric plumes containing hot gas and rock particles. When these plumes reach high altitudes, they pose a threat to aviation, contribute to falling ash, and release hazardous gases.

Crozier emphasized that similar eruptions may have occurred at other volcanoes worldwide and throughout history. Kilauea has experienced abnormal eruptions since the 1920s, leading to larger explosive events. However, the researcher stated that it is unlikely for a similar eruption to occur at Kilauea in the next decade.

Understanding the dynamics of plume formation is crucial for predicting and mitigating the hazards associated with volcanic eruptions. The study's researchers emphasized that this knowledge is particularly important for communities living near active volcanoes, as it helps forecast potential risks to human health and property.

While the discovery provides valuable insights into the unique eruption mechanism at Kilauea, scientists acknowledge the need for ongoing research to further understand and anticipate volcanic activity.