Newly Discovered Neurons Control Left-Right Movements in Walking, Reveals Study

Scientists have made a breakthrough discovery in understanding the complex process of left-right movements in walking. A team of researchers from the Department of Neuroscience at the University of Copenhagen, led by Assistant Professor Jared Cregg and Professor Ole Kiehn, have identified a new group of neurons in the brainstem that play a crucial role in controlling these movements. This finding fills a critical gap in our understanding of the interaction between the brainstem and the basal ganglia, shedding light on the brain's intricate navigation system often referred to as the "brain's steering wheel."

The implications of this discovery extend beyond scientific knowledge. The researchers believe that their findings could potentially lead to future therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. By studying mice, which have brainstems similar to humans, the research team anticipates that similar mechanisms may exist in human brains, opening up the possibility of revolutionizing treatments for movement disorders.

The study, published in Nature Neuroscience, provides valuable insights into the coordination of voluntary movements, particularly walking. The researchers used optogenetics, a technique that genetically modifies specific brain cells to make them light-sensitive, to stimulate the newly discovered group of neurons in the brainstem. Remarkably, they found that by modifying and stimulating these neurons in mice, they were able to successfully correct impaired left or right movements, showcasing the potential of optogenetics for treating motor symptoms observed in diseases like Parkinson's.

The basal ganglia's role in voluntary movement has long been recognized, but the manner in which it influences left-right movement decisions has remained unclear until now. The discovery of the new group of neurons in the brainstem, which receives signals from the basal ganglia and controls the direction of movement, provides a deeper understanding of the coordination of left-right movements.

The researchers also conducted experiments using Parkinson's disease models in mice. By removing dopamine from the brain of the mice, they replicated motor symptoms similar to those experienced by people with Parkinson's disease. These mice exhibited difficulties in making right and left turns, mirroring the symptoms commonly observed in Parkinson's patients. However, by stimulating the newly discovered neurons in the brainstem, the researchers were able to alleviate these turning difficulties.

While the potential application of this discovery in human treatments is promising, further research is required. Deep Brain Stimulation, a technique currently used in humans, may need to be refined to accurately stimulate specific brain cells, as the neurons in the brainstem are complex and difficult to distinguish from one another. However, the researchers highlight that our understanding of the brain is evolving, and focused Deep Brain Stimulation for humans may be on the horizon.

The identification of this crucial network of neurons involved in controlling left-right movements not only adds to our understanding of how the brain produces essential movements, but it also offers hope for developing targeted therapies for individuals suffering from movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. With ongoing advancements in neuroscience research, the future may hold innovative treatment strategies that improve the quality of life for those affected by these debilitating conditions.