In a world increasingly divided by entrenched conflicts, scientists studying human behavior and conflict intersection emphasize the significance of understanding the biology behind toxic interactions. By recognizing our ingrained impulses, experts argue that diffuse situations can be achieved. Furthermore, historical figures such as Nelson Mandela and U.S. Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm serve as inspirational examples of how mastering the lesson of empathy and compassion can bring about profound changes in history.

Research has revealed that humans, as social beings, have an innate inclination to form strong bonds with groups that can aid in survival against external threats. Neurology researcher and lecturer at the University of Jena in Germany, Olga Klimecki, explains that brain scans have demonstrated the profound impact social identity can have on emotional responses to situations. When witnessing a comrade from one's own group in pain, empathy is activated within the brain. However, when it is an adversary experiencing pain, the empathetic response is less active, and feelings of schadenfreude or malicious joy may arise.

This empathetic response is not solely based on social affiliations but can also be influenced by race, ethnicity, religion, or politics. Additionally, conflict has been shown to dampen the brain's ability to experience love, as demonstrated by studies indicating that couples who have recently argued exhibit less brain activity in areas related to attachment and fondness.

Tim Phillips, a veteran conflict-resolution expert, draws from his extensive experience in negotiating some of the world's most fraught conflicts to illustrate the significant role of evolutionary impulses in shaping interpersonal and international disputes. Phillips acknowledges that ignoring how the brain actually works often leads to continuous cycle of ineffective approaches to conflict resolution.

Phillips emphasizes that conflict intensifies and escalates rapidly when it threatens core values, social identity, or a community. When individuals feel these aspects are under attack, they tend to become less rational and more entrenched in their positions. Such sentiments, when exploited or inflamed, can lead to hate, dehumanization, and even atrocities.

According to Phillips, effectively defusing an escalating situation requires disarming a brain hijacked by defensive emotions. This involves recognizing and respecting the opponent's sacred values and social identity, and reflecting their humanity back to them. By neutralizing negative assumptions and countering demonization, toxic polarization can be reduced.

Phillips highlights two remarkable examples that showcase the power of empathy in transforming history. Nelson Mandela, upon his release from 27 years of political imprisonment in 1990, referred to the South African president F.W. de Klerk, who had been one of Mandela's captors, as an "honorable man." This unexpected gesture had a profound impact on de Klerk and contributed to the path of reconciliation.

Similarly, in the 1972 Democratic presidential nomination race, Shirley Chisholm, the first Black congresswoman in the U.S., displayed compassion towards her political rival, Alabama Governor George Wallace, a fierce segregationist. Wallace's daughter revealed that her father was deeply moved by this act of compassion, which ultimately led to a significant change in his stance on racial segregation.

The lessons gleaned from brain science and the experiences of historical figures such as Mandela and Chisholm underscore the transformative power of empathy and understanding in resolving deep-rooted conflicts. By recognizing the biology that underlies our behaviors, we can work towards diffusing combustible situations, fostering dialogue, and creating a more harmonious world.