In a significant breakthrough, an international team of researchers has discovered crucial details about the diet of the enigmatic Denisovans, ancient human relatives who once roamed Asia. The findings, based on bone fragments found in the Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau, shed light on the diverse range of foods consumed by these elusive beings.

The Baishiya Karst Cave, perched on a cliff in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, became famous for its association with Tibetan monks. One of them stumbled upon part of a lower jaw, which was eventually identified as belonging to a Denisovan, now known as the Xiahe mandible. This remarkable discovery prompted further excavations at the site, leading to the unearthing of a substantial collection of animal bones.

Although none of the bones initially appeared to be Denisovan, the research team turned to a unique approach to identify their presence. By sequencing environmental DNA preserved within the cave, they were able to confirm that Denisovans had regularly occupied the site for over 100,000 years, surviving in harsh altitudinal conditions during glacial cycles.

To determine the species origins of the fragmentary bone samples, the researchers employed an innovative method called zooarchaeology by mass spectrometry (ZooMS). This technique involved isolating and analyzing collagen fragments from the bones using mass spectrometry, which helped identify specific amino acid combinations associated with known collagen sequences from different species.

The results were astonishing – nearly 80 percent of the tested bone fragments were successfully identified using ZooMS. The analysis revealed a wide array of animals that served as a staple part of the Denisovans' diet. Sheep, yaks, carnivores, and birds were among the animals that had been butchered by the Denisovans for sustenance.

This groundbreaking research not only provides insight into the eating habits of Denisovans but also highlights their adaptability in surviving at high altitudes for extended periods. The discovery challenges previous assumptions about their geographic distribution and offers a valuable glimpse into the lives of our ancient human relatives.

While the study has shed light on the dietary preferences of the Denisovans, it remains a tantalizing mystery as to what they may have looked like. With only fragments of bone and a few teeth discovered so far, visual reconstructions remain speculative.

The Baishiya Karst Cave continues to unravel its secrets, offering valuable glimpses into the history of human evolution. As further research is undertaken, scientists hope to uncover more clues about the lifestyle, physical features, and ultimately, the fate of the Denisovans.

This groundbreaking study serves as a testament to the resilience and adaptability of our ancient human ancestors, reminding us of the diverse and interconnected nature of human evolution.